The Diversity of Nepenthes spp. in Multipurpose Forest, Green Campus Area of University of Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

The Multipurpose Forest Area located at the University of Palangka Raya is a peatland forest area in which there are many types of plants, one of which is the pitcher plant ( Nepenthes spp.). Nepenthes is a genus of insectivorous plant and generally lives in nutrient-poor soils. This study aimed to determine the diversity of pitcher plants ( Nepenthes spp.) in the Multipurpose Forest area of the University of Palangka Raya. This research is descriptive - quantitative research using 10 box plots with a size of 5×5m for data collection. The results showed that 17 species of Nepenthes were found at the study site with a diversity index of 2.41 in the medium category. The species found included N. gracilis , N. tobaica , N. distillatoria, N. gracilis Red, N. reinwardtiana, N. mirabillis, N. raflesiana, N. maxima, N. smilesi, N. devin, N. domei, N. gracilis Korth, N. harsuta, N. hamiguitanensis, N. vogelii, N. Khasiana , and N. Alata


Introduction
The Multipurpose Forest Area located at the University of Palangka Raya (UPR) is a peat forest area in which there are various types of plants, one of which is the pitcher plant (Nepenthes spp.). Nepenthes has a habitat range from open places, poor in nutrients, to places with high humidity in the range of 70-95%. Nepenthes can live in lowland tropical rain forests, mountain forests, savanna, swamps, and peat forests (Clarke, 2001). Nepenthes is an understorey that can prey on insects (insectivorous species/pitcherplan) so it is classified as a carnivorous plant (Mardhiana et al., 2012). Predation of these insects is a way for Nepenthes to overcome the lack of nutrients from the soil. This species can grow as a liana or grow terrestrially (Mansur, 2012). Nepenthes apart from being an ornamental plant too believed to be a medicine, where the liquid contained in the young pouch that is still closed can be used as an eye medicine, cough medicine, and treat burns (Mulyani, 2006).
Nepenthes has fairly high diversity, there are 103 species of Nepenthes that have been identified and published in the world (Firstantinovi & Karjono, 2006). In Indonesia, there are approximately 64 species of Nepenthes. Kalimantan Island is the center of the spread of Nepenthes with a diversity of 29 species (Anwar et al., 2007). The population of semar bags in nature is predicted to continue to decline from year to year. Conversion of forest land for residential development, agriculture, and plantations is something that must be done along with the increasing population. Decreasing habitat of Nepenthes in nature (Mansur, 2006). Therefore, it is species necessary to carry out an inventory of the existing Nepenthes, because of the threat of land conversion, it is necessary to carry out in-situ. cultivation outside their natural habitat. P This 2 nd BASC 2022 75 study aims to determine the diversity of pitcher plant (Nepenthes spp.) in the Multipurpose Forest area of the University of Palangka Raya.

Research site
This research was conducted in a Multipurpose Forest area located at the University of Palangka Raya, Jalan Yos Sudarso, Menteng Village, Jekan Raya District, Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Sampling techniques
This research is descriptive -quantitative research. The sampling technique was carried out in the forest area of the Palangka Raya University Campus, with plot mapping at the sampling location. There are 10 plots with a size of 5x5 meters. Sampling is done by tracing the entire sampling area that has been determined in stages. Observations and identification were carried out at the time of determining the location for sampling, in taking direct observation data in the field by observing and collecting data in the form and number of semar bags in each plot, and identification was assisted by using a guide to identifying the types of semar bags and related journals.

Data analysis
Data were analyzed by the Mix method (quantitative and qualitative). Data Analysis In describing the abundance of vegetation according to Kusmana (1997) a plant community requires three important parameters, namely density, frequency, and dominance. Qualitative analysis was conducted to describe the types of plants, quantitative analysis was carried out to explain the diversity and structure of plant vegetation. Plant diversity is carried out by looking for density, frequency, dominance, Important Value Index (INP), and diversity index. The diversity index was analyzed using the Shan-non-Wiener Index (H').

Discussions
Based on the observational data presented in Table 1, there are 17 Nepenthes with a total of 420 individuals found in the Multipurpose Forest area of the University of Palangka Raya, namely, N. gracilis, N. tobaica, N. distillatoria, N. gracilis Red, N. reinwardtiana, N. mirabillis, N. raflesiana, N. maxima, N. smilesi, N. devin, N. domei, N. gracilis Korth, N. hirsuta, N. hamiguitanensis, N. vogelii, N. Khasiana, and N. Alata. The diversity of Nepenthes found is quite high, because Nephentes is a plant that is easy to grow and develop well in environmental conditions that are not shaded and have sufficient sunlight. This is by the research location which is mostly an open area.
The form of plant vegetation usually varies and has a large number because it lives in colonies/groups so it has a diversity value that can grow and develop in areas that have soil temperatures and high soil acidity levels. This is in line with the large number of Nepenthes that can live in forests with acidic peat soils with pH values ranging from 3.00 to 4.00. The high and low of a plant community diversity index usually depend on the number of species and the number of individuals of each type (species richness). As explained by Indriyanto (2006) that species diversity can be used to express community structure. Species diversity can also be used to measure community stability, or the ability of a community to maintain itself stable despite disturbances to its components. Species diversity tends to be low in physically controlled ecosystems and high in biologically regulated ecosystems (Odum, 1993). The diversity Nepenthes is influenced by several environmental factors such as temperature, soil pH, soil moisture and light intensity, this species diversity will be high if all of the above factors are met and the distribution and crossing occur well.
Based on data analysis, it was found that the dominant species was Nepenthes gracilis Red with a dominance index (D) of 27.2%, and the number found was 123 individuals. This is because this type of Nepenthes lives on thin peat soil in open areas that have very sufficient light intensity. Meanwhile, Nepenthes, the least Nepenthes hemiguitanensis with a dominance index of 0.44%, and the number found was 2 individuals. This type Nepenthes grows under a tree with a dense canopy and lacks sunlight intensity. The diversity of Nepenthes in the UPR Multipurpose Forest area has a diversity index (H') of 2.41%. The value in the diversity index criteria from Shannon, has moderate diversity criteria.

Conclusion
The results showed that 17 species of Nepenthes were found in the study area with a diversity index of 2.41 in the medium category. The species found included N. gracilis, N. tobaica, N. distillatoria, N. gracilis Red, N. reinwardtiana, N. mirabillis, N. raflesiana, N. maxima, N. smilesi, N. devin, N. domei, N. gracilis Korth, N. harsuta, N. hamiguitanensis, N. vogelii, N. Khasiana, and N. Alata. N. gracillis Merah is the most dominant species with the number of individuals found as many as 123 individuals and has a dominance index value (D) of 27.21%.