Nusantara Science and Technology Proceedings

Analysis of Encapsulation Efficiency Bacillus sp. Based Variations in Sodium Alginate Concentration in the Beads

2024-02-26T06:40:48+00:00

The use of biological agents such as Bacillus sp. Bacteria have started to be widely used by farmers as a new form of control. Bacillus sp. needs to require a special method in its application because it has certain living conditions, and Bacillus sp. is susceptible to environmental stress like other microorganisms. Apply Bacillus sp. as a biological control agent in the field, it needs to be formed into a formulation to be more effective and efficient when applied. Liquid formulations often used cannot maintain the viability of bacteria in the soil. The bioencapsulation formulation in the form of microcapsules is considered more effective in maintaining the viability of bacteria in the soil. This study aims to determine the effect of concentration on the encapsulation efficiency of Bacillus sp. inside the microcapsule. Beads are made using the extrusion method by combining a sodium alginate suspension of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% concentration and a bacterial suspension and dropping it into a calcium chloride solution. The encapsulation efficiency test was carried out once by extracting the bacteria on the beads, growing them in the growth medium, and then observing them. The results of the encapsulation efficiency test with a concentration of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% had values of 1%, 0.36%, and 1.35%, respectively. The difference in the results of this encapsulation efficiency indicates that there is an effect of sodium alginate concentration on the value of encapsulation efficiency.

Effectiveness of Peppermint (Menta piperita) and Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Essential Oil on Mortality of Storage Pest Tribolium castaneum

2024-02-26T06:51:24+00:00

Tribolium castaneum commonly known as the red flour beetle, stands as a significant stored insect pest, inflicting crucial damage upon stored commodities. The infestations by T. castaneum result in substantial losses both in terms of quality and quantity of the stored products. The use of essential oils presents itself as an alternative pest control strategy, functioning as fumigants that can effectively thwart reinfestations of these pests during storage periods. This research was conducted to ascertain the efficacy of peppermint (Mentha piperita) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) essential oils in the management of the stored insect pest T. castaneum. The essential oil assessment was carried out utilizing the fumigation technique within Petri dishes, employing various concentrations of 1%, 2%, 2%, 4%, and 5%. Observations on T. castaneum mortality were conducted after 72 hours post-treatment (HAT). The results obtained at the 72 HAT juncture exhibited the highest mortality rate of T. castaneum within the treatment using a 5% concentration of peppermint essential oil, yielding a mortality rate of 90%. In contrast, the highest mortality rate for the nutmeg essential oil treatment was recorded at 48% within the 5% concentration. Thus, it can be concluded that the application of a 5% concentration of peppermint essential oils proves to be effective in controlling the T. castaneum infestation

Antagonistic Test of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum Against the Toxigenic Aspergillus flavus

2024-02-26T10:33:03+00:00

Aspergillus flavus is a post-harvest fungus that often contaminates foods and feeds, causing damage to commodities, and causing health problems for humans and animals. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the fungi Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum as antagonist fungi against A. flavus in vitro using the direct opposition method. The fungus A. flavus and the antagonist fungus were isolated in the same petri dish. The results showed the highest percentage inhibition of growth after seven days of incubation was shown by A. niger 5, was 95.83%, while the percentage inhibition of growth by T. harzianum 4, was 71.43%. A. niger had a higher percentage inhibition of growth than T. harzianum which ranged from 90 – 96%, while the lowest percentage inhibition of growth of T. harzianum ranged from 71 – 90%. Both of these fungi are recommended as an effective and safe alternative for controlling the toxigenic A. flavus because they have an inhibition percentage of more than 60%. Inhibition mechanism of antagonist fungi through competition of growth space and limited nutrients.

The Effect of Water Activity on the Growth of Aspergillus flavus

2024-02-26T10:43:47+00:00

Aspergillus flavus is recognized as one of the fungi responsible for inducing diseases and causing damage to both food and feed commodities. This fungus is capable of producing mycotoxins that possess toxic attributes to both humans and animals. The contamination by A. flavus spans a broad spectrum, commencing from field cultivation and extending to storage facilities. One alternative approach to manage this fungus involves the modification of its growth environment. Microorganisms inherently possess a minimum water activity (a_w) value crucial for their metabolic processes. The objective of this study is to modify the a_w value to inhibit the growth of A. flavus. This research was conducted in vitro using PDA media supplemented with glycerol and distilled water to establish a_w conditions of 0.90, 0.92, 0.95, and 0.97. On the seventh day after incubation, the results demonstrated that for 0.90 a_w exhibited a significant inhibition on A. flavus growth, with an average colony diameter is 1.34 mm, followed by 0.92 is 1.54 then 0.95 is 1.83 mm, and 0.97 is 1.84 mm. Conversely, treatments with 0.90 displayed the lowest inhibitions (1.34 mm) and 0.97 displayed the highest (1.84 mm). All modified water activity treatments exerted an impact on the growth of A. flavus. As the a_w value decreases, the growth of A. flavus becomes increasingly constrained.

Inventory of Fungi on Imported Wheat Grains from Canada at the Large Agricultural Quarantine Center Surabaya

2024-02-26T10:55:26+00:00

Wheat is one of the most popular commodities and is often consumed by the Indonesian people. In 2019, wheat was consumed at least 30.5 kg/year by the Indonesian people. The import of wheat in large quantities allows the risk of carrying OPTK, especially fungi with OPTK category A1, so detection and identification of wheat seeds entering Indonesia is needed. This study aims to detect and determine the fungi found in wheat seeds from Canada (Canada I and Canada II) using the Washing Test method at the Surabaya Agricultural Quarantine Center. The Washing test method is a washing method to release fungi on the surface of seeds using sterile distilled water and a centrifuge. The stages of this method are as follows sampling of wheat seeds from Canada, detection using the washing test method, and microscopic identification. The results of detection and identification on wheat seeds did not find the target pest but other fungi were found in Canada I sample, namely Cladosporium variabile, Cladosporium sp., Puccinia sp., Puccinia graminis and in Canada II sample Cladosporium variabile, and Puccinia graminis. Further quarantine measures for imported wheat grains are exemptions with the issuance of a plant exemption certificate (KT-9). Service procedures at the BBKP Surabaya laboratory are carried out in accordance with Law No. 21 of 2019, MOA No. 25 of 2020 and ISO 17025 with 2P quarantine measures (Inspection and Exemption).

Beetle Preferences Callosobruchus Sp. On Some Types of Nuts

2024-02-27T08:35:13+00:00

Legume agricultural products are among the Indonesian populace's primary sustenance sources. Nevertheless, the production of legumes in Indonesia needs to be improved, necessitating the country to engage in imports from several nations to meet demand. One of the factors contributing to this low production is the post-harvest seed deterioration that transpires during long-term storage. The grain beetle pest, Callosobruchus sp. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), stands as one of the stored-product pests that exhibit a broad host range, encompassing various types of legumes. As a strategy to mitigate the resultant damages, it becomes imperative to examine the preference for egg-laying by Callosobruchus sp. on different legume species. Callosobruchus sp. egg-laying preference was assessed within the entomology laboratory of SEAMEO BIOTROP. This evaluation employed two distinct methodologies: the choice and no-choice tests, executed across various legume types. The selected legumes encompassed seven species: snap beans, mung beans, yardlong beans, peanuts, cowpeas, red beans, and soybeans. The testing outcomes unveiled that, under the choice test, Callosobruchus sp. laid the highest number of eggs on mung beans, totalling 70 eggs, followed by yardlong beans with 58 eggs. Subsequently, within the no-choice test, the highest egg deposition was observed on mung and yardlong beans, amounting to 87 eggs. Callosobruchus sp. preferred egg-laying and optimal development as imago on yardlong beans. Conversely, peanuts were the least favoured for egg-laying by Callosobruchus sp. and were deemed unsuitable for imago development. The attraction of Callosobruchus sp. is influenced by several factors, including seed essential constituents, seed texture, and microenvironmental conditions.

Root Length and Root Weight of Pak Choy (Brassica chinensis L.) in Wick System Hydroponics Impact of Liquid Organic Fertilizer

2024-02-27T08:40:42+00:00

Organic farming is gaining attention worldwide because it is healthier. Pak choy plants (Brassica chinensis L.) have various benefits and are widely consumed by the public. Roots are plant organs that function in holding the plant up and absorbing water and nutrients into the plant body. Many pak choy plants are cultivated using a hydroponic system. Liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) can be a nutritional alternative for plants that are cultivated hydroponically but organically. This research aims to determine the effect of concentration and interval of application of liquid organic fertilizer on the hydroponic wick system on pak choy plants. The research was carried out from August to September 2022 at Green House Emak Farm and Hydroponic Wadungasri, Waru, Sidoarjo Regency. This research is a factorial experiment with two factors arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first factor is NASA liquid organic fertilizer nutrient concentration with 4 treatment levels (5, 10, 15, 20 ml/L), while the second factor is the time interval for administering liquid organic fertilizer which consists of 3 treatment levels (3, 5, and once every 7 days). Control treatment using AB mix nutrition. Each treatment was repeated 3 times and used 4 plant samples. The results of the research showed that the combination of liquid organic fertilizer treatment with a concentration of 10 ml/L and at intervals of once every 3 days had a real impact on the observation parameter of fresh root weight of 11.07 grams. The interval treatment for applying liquid organic fertilizer had a significant effect on the root length parameters of pak choy plants, namely 10.79 cm.

Factors Influencing Farmers' Decisions in Implementing Hydroponic Systems in Paprika Farming in Tutur District, Pasuruan Regency

2024-02-27T08:44:11+00:00

A foreign vegetable commodity that has the potential to be developed in Indonesia and has a high economic potential is paprika. Based on data from the Badan Pusat Statistik for the last 5 years, it can be seen that in East Java paprika production has fluctuated in harvest area and production yields. Tutur District is one of the sub-districts located in Pasuruan Regency, which is one of the largest paprika producing areas in East Java. Some farmers in managing their farming already use a hydroponic system. Hydroponic systems have higher risks and costs compared to conventional systems in their management. In Tutur District, farmers use hydroponic systems and conventional systems. This shows that in choosing a planting system farmers have certain reasons. There are factors that influence farmers' decisions in implementing a hydroponic system. The objectives of this research are: (1) Describe the characteristics of farmers implementing hydroponic and conventional paprika cultivation systems, (2) Analyze the factors that influence farmers' decisions in implementing a hydroponic system in paprika farming in Tutur District, Pasuruan Regency. The research was carried out in Tutur District starting in January-February 2023. The technique for collecting respondents in this research used the Census method, namely the entire population was sampled. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analysis methods and logistic regression analysis. The results of the research show that the factors that influence farmers' decisions in implementing a hydroponic system in paprika farming are age, farming experience, farming income, participation in farmer groups.

Supply Chain Management Agro-Industry Cassava In Indonesia

2024-02-27T08:56:35+00:00

Background: The Cassava supply chain starts from raw materials supplied by farmers and then supplied to factories. Given the vast potential of cassava, especially in the processing industry. Aim: Increasing efficiency in the cassava supply chain, industry players actively participate in increasing productivity and reducing problems from upstream to downstream. Setting: Indonesia. Method: Through field survey activities, focus group discussions (FGD), and reviewing various papers and research studies previously published in various journals, books, magazines, and others. Results: The cassava supply chain originates from farmers with several layers of intermediaries. All farmers' supply chains are traded in cassava flour, tapioca flour, or wet cassava, which is the buyer's responsibility starting from pulling, peeling, drying, and packing. Stakeholders generally support the cassava supply chain by ensuring material, information, and cash flow among all stakeholders to maximize profits and involve cassava growers, cassava mills, and distributors. Conclusion: The development of cassava processed food agro-industry is carried out on a home industry scale because it applies simple technology and is carried out by farmer groups and individuals. The cassava supply chain's development will increase added value and increase the income of farmers and the community.

Grafting Durian Seedlings (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Using the P1-P5 Technique

2024-02-27T09:19:18+00:00

This research purpose to determine the effect of several scions with different numbers of leaves using the P1-P5 technique. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatment levels and 3 replications to obtain 15 experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of 5 stems, so a total of 45 stems. Treatment consisted of P1 (leaf shoot 1), P2 (leaf shoot 2), P3 (leaf shoot 3), P4 (leaf shoot 4), P5 (leaf shoot 5). The observations observed were the number of leaves, leaf width, and percentage of life. The observations were analyzed by means of variance, if the F count from the F table was 5%, then further testing was carried out with the Duncan New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at the 5% level. The results of the research can conclude that grafting durian shoots using the P5 technique is the best technique for growth and grafting success.